<!-- apache.md --- 
;; 
;; Description: 
;; Author: Hongyi Wu(吴鸿毅)
;; Email: wuhongyi@qq.com 
;; Created: 六 4月 21 19:21:43 2018 (+0800)
;; Last-Updated: 二 7月 14 12:59:07 2020 (+0800)
;;           By: Hongyi Wu(吴鸿毅)
;;     Update #: 7
;; URL: http://wuhongyi.cn -->

# apache

Scientific Linux 7(CentOS 7) 配置文件路径

```
/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf
```

[配置Apache](https://blog.csdn.net/function__/article/details/54377587)


错误日记

```
/var/log/httpd/error_log
```


## 我的通用配置

**selinux关闭**

```bash
getenforce # 查看selinux状态
setenforce 0 # 临时关闭
修改/etc/selinux/config 文件，将SELINUX=enforcing改为SELINUX=disabled #永久关闭
``` 


修改 **/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf**

```bash
#
# "/var/www/cgi-bin" should be changed to whatever your ScriptAliased
# CGI directory exists, if you have that configured.
#
<Directory "/var/www/cgi-bin">
    AllowOverride None
    Options ExecCGI
    Require all granted
</Directory>
```

```bash
  #
    # AddHandler allows you to map certain file extensions to "handlers":
    # actions unrelated to filetype. These can be either built into the server
    # or added with the Action directive (see below)
    #
    # To use CGI scripts outside of ScriptAliased directories:
    # (You will also need to add "ExecCGI" to the "Options" directive.)
    #
    AddHandler cgi-script .cgi .py .sh
```


将程序复制到 /var/www/cgi-bin，然后浏览器中输入

```
http://localhost/cgi-bin/cplusplus.cgi
```
即可访问该程序


----

## linux 下 apache启动、停止、重启命令

```bash
service httpd start  #启动
service httpd restart #重新启动
service httpd stop #停止服务
```

----

## ServerRoot 配置

ServerRoot "" 主要用于指定Apache的安装路径，此选项参数值在安装Apache时系统会自动把Apache的路径写入。

```bash
#
# ServerRoot: The top of the directory tree under which the server's
# configuration, error, and log files are kept.
#
# Do not add a slash at the end of the directory path.  If you point
# ServerRoot at a non-local disk, be sure to specify a local disk on the
# Mutex directive, if file-based mutexes are used.  If you wish to share the
# same ServerRoot for multiple httpd daemons, you will need to change at
# least PidFile.
#
ServerRoot "/etc/httpd"
```

## Listen 配置

Listen主要侦听web服务端口状态，默认为：80，即侦听所有的地址的80端口，注意这里也可以写成IP地址的侦听形式，不写即默认的地址：0.0.0.0

```bash
#
# Listen: Allows you to bind Apache to specific IP addresses and/or
# ports, instead of the default. See also the <VirtualHost>
# directive.
#
# Change this to Listen on specific IP addresses as shown below to 
# prevent Apache from glomming onto all bound IP addresses.
#
#Listen 12.34.56.78:80
Listen 80
```

如果多个端口，则依次写入，例如：

```bash
Listen 80
Listen 81
Listen 82
```


## Dynamic Shared Object (DSO) Support(动态共享对象支持)

主要用于添加Apache一些动态模块，比如php支持模块。重定向模块，认证模块支持，注意如果需要添加某些模块支持，只需把相关模块前面注释符号取消掉。如图所示，要对Apache添加某个功能模块，把前面的注释符号去掉就行

```bash
#
# Dynamic Shared Object (DSO) Support
#
# To be able to use the functionality of a module which was built as a DSO you
# have to place corresponding `LoadModule' lines at this location so the
# directives contained in it are actually available _before_ they are used.
# Statically compiled modules (those listed by `httpd -l') do not need
# to be loaded here.
#
# Example:
# LoadModule foo_module modules/mod_foo.so
#
Include conf.modules.d/*.conf
```


## Apache运行用户配置

此选项主要用指定Apache服务的运行用户和用户组


```bash
#
# If you wish httpd to run as a different user or group, you must run
# httpd as root initially and it will switch.  
#
# User/Group: The name (or #number) of the user/group to run httpd as.
# It is usually good practice to create a dedicated user and group for
# running httpd, as with most system services.
#
User apache
Group apache
```


## Apache服务默认管理员地址设置

此选项主要用指定Apache服务管理员通知邮箱地址，选择默认值即可，如果有真实的邮箱地址也可以设置此值。

```bash
#
# ServerAdmin: Your address, where problems with the server should be
# e-mailed.  This address appears on some server-generated pages, such
# as error documents.  e.g. admin@your-domain.com
#
ServerAdmin root@localhost
```

## Apache的默认服务名及端口设置

此选项主要用指定Apache默认的服务器名以及端口，默认参数值设置为：ServerName localhost:80即可

```bash
#
# ServerName gives the name and port that the server uses to identify itself.
# This can often be determined automatically, but we recommend you specify
# it explicitly to prevent problems during startup.
#
# If your host doesn't have a registered DNS name, enter its IP address here.
#
#ServerName www.example.com:80
```

## Apache的根目录访问控制设置

此选项主要是针对用户对根目录下所有的访问权限控制，默认Apache对根目录访问都是拒绝访问。

```bash
#
# Deny access to the entirety of your server's filesystem. You must
# explicitly permit access to web content directories in other 
# <Directory> blocks below.
#
<Directory />
    AllowOverride none
    Require all denied
</Directory>
```

## Apache的默认网站根目录设置及访问控制

此区域的配置文件，主要是针对Apache默认网站根目录的设置以及相关的权限访问设置，默认对网站的根目录具有访问权限，此选项默认值即可

```bash
#
# DocumentRoot: The directory out of which you will serve your
# documents. By default, all requests are taken from this directory, but
# symbolic links and aliases may be used to point to other locations.
#
DocumentRoot "/var/www/html"

#
# Relax access to content within /var/www.
#
<Directory "/var/www">
    AllowOverride None
    # Allow open access:
    Require all granted
</Directory>

# Further relax access to the default document root:
<Directory "/var/www/html">
    #
    # Possible values for the Options directive are "None", "All",
    # or any combination of:
    #   Indexes Includes FollowSymLinks SymLinksifOwnerMatch ExecCGI MultiViews
    #
    # Note that "MultiViews" must be named *explicitly* --- "Options All"
    # doesn't give it to you.
    #
    # The Options directive is both complicated and important.  Please see
    # http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.4/mod/core.html#options
    # for more information.
    #
    Options Indexes FollowSymLinks

    #
    # AllowOverride controls what directives may be placed in .htaccess files.
    # It can be "All", "None", or any combination of the keywords:
    #   Options FileInfo AuthConfig Limit
    #
    AllowOverride None

    #
    # Controls who can get stuff from this server.
    #
    Require all granted
</Directory>
```

## Apache的默认首页设置

此区域文件主要设置Apache默认支持的首页，默认只支持:index.html首页。

```bash
#
# DirectoryIndex: sets the file that Apache will serve if a directory
# is requested.
#
<IfModule dir_module>
    DirectoryIndex index.html
</IfModule>
```

如要支持其他类型的首页，需要在此区域添加:如index.php表示支持index.php类型首页

```bash
<IfModule dir_module>
    DirectoryIndex index.html index.php
</IfModule>
```

## Apache关于.ht文件访问配置

此选项主要是针对.ht文件访问控制，默认为具有访问权限，此区域文件默认即可

```bash
#
# The following lines prevent .htaccess and .htpasswd files from being 
# viewed by Web clients. 
#
<Files ".ht*">
    Require all denied
</Files>
```

## Apache关于日志文件配置

此区域文件主要是针对Apache默认的日志级别，默认的访问日志路径，默认的错误日志路径等相关设置，此选项内容默认即可

```bash
#
# ErrorLog: The location of the error log file.
# If you do not specify an ErrorLog directive within a <VirtualHost>
# container, error messages relating to that virtual host will be
# logged here.  If you *do* define an error logfile for a <VirtualHost>
# container, that host's errors will be logged there and not here.
#
ErrorLog "logs/error_log"

#
# LogLevel: Control the number of messages logged to the error_log.
# Possible values include: debug, info, notice, warn, error, crit,
# alert, emerg.
#
LogLevel warn

<IfModule log_config_module>
    #
    # The following directives define some format nicknames for use with
    # a CustomLog directive (see below).
    #
    LogFormat "%h %l %u %t \"%r\" %>s %b \"%{Referer}i\" \"%{User-Agent}i\"" combined
    LogFormat "%h %l %u %t \"%r\" %>s %b" common

    <IfModule logio_module>
      # You need to enable mod_logio.c to use %I and %O
      LogFormat "%h %l %u %t \"%r\" %>s %b \"%{Referer}i\" \"%{User-Agent}i\" %I %O" combinedio
    </IfModule>

    #
    # The location and format of the access logfile (Common Logfile Format).
    # If you do not define any access logfiles within a <VirtualHost>
    # container, they will be logged here.  Contrariwise, if you *do*
    # define per-<VirtualHost> access logfiles, transactions will be
    # logged therein and *not* in this file.
    #
    #CustomLog "logs/access_log" common

    #
    # If you prefer a logfile with access, agent, and referer information
    # (Combined Logfile Format) you can use the following directive.
    #
    CustomLog "logs/access_log" combined
</IfModule>
```


## URL重定向，cgi模块配置说明

此区域文件主要包含一些URL重定向，别名，脚本别名等相关设置，以及一些特定的处理程序，比如cgi设置说明。


```bash
<IfModule alias_module>
    #
    # Redirect: Allows you to tell clients about documents that used to 
    # exist in your server's namespace, but do not anymore. The client 
    # will make a new request for the document at its new location.
    # Example:
    # Redirect permanent /foo http://www.example.com/bar

    #
    # Alias: Maps web paths into filesystem paths and is used to
    # access content that does not live under the DocumentRoot.
    # Example:
    # Alias /webpath /full/filesystem/path
    #
    # If you include a trailing / on /webpath then the server will
    # require it to be present in the URL.  You will also likely
    # need to provide a <Directory> section to allow access to
    # the filesystem path.

    #
    # ScriptAlias: This controls which directories contain server scripts. 
    # ScriptAliases are essentially the same as Aliases, except that
    # documents in the target directory are treated as applications and
    # run by the server when requested rather than as documents sent to the
    # client.  The same rules about trailing "/" apply to ScriptAlias
    # directives as to Alias.
    #
    ScriptAlias /cgi-bin/ "/var/www/cgi-bin/"

</IfModule>
```


```bash
#
# "/var/www/cgi-bin" should be changed to whatever your ScriptAliased
# CGI directory exists, if you have that configured.
#
<Directory "/var/www/cgi-bin">
    AllowOverride None
    Options None
    Require all granted
</Directory>
```


## MIME媒体文件，以及相关http文件解析配置说明


```bash
<IfModule mime_module>
    #
    # TypesConfig points to the file containing the list of mappings from
    # filename extension to MIME-type.
    #
    TypesConfig /etc/mime.types

    #
    # AddType allows you to add to or override the MIME configuration
    # file specified in TypesConfig for specific file types.
    #
    #AddType application/x-gzip .tgz
    #
    # AddEncoding allows you to have certain browsers uncompress
    # information on the fly. Note: Not all browsers support this.
    #
    #AddEncoding x-compress .Z
    #AddEncoding x-gzip .gz .tgz
    #
    # If the AddEncoding directives above are commented-out, then you
    # probably should define those extensions to indicate media types:
    #
    AddType application/x-compress .Z
    AddType application/x-gzip .gz .tgz

    #
    # AddHandler allows you to map certain file extensions to "handlers":
    # actions unrelated to filetype. These can be either built into the server
    # or added with the Action directive (see below)
    #
    # To use CGI scripts outside of ScriptAliased directories:
    # (You will also need to add "ExecCGI" to the "Options" directive.)
    #
    #AddHandler cgi-script .cgi

    # For type maps (negotiated resources):
    #AddHandler type-map var

    #
    # Filters allow you to process content before it is sent to the client.
    #
    # To parse .shtml files for server-side includes (SSI):
    # (You will also need to add "Includes" to the "Options" directive.)
    #
    AddType text/html .shtml
    AddOutputFilter INCLUDES .shtml
</IfModule>
```


## 服务器页面提示设置

此区域可定制的访问错误响应提示，支持三种方式：1明文 ，2本地重定向 3，外部重定向；另外还包括内存映射或“发送文件系统调用”可被用于分发文件等配置

```bash
<IfModule mime_magic_module>
    #
    # The mod_mime_magic module allows the server to use various hints from the
    # contents of the file itself to determine its type.  The MIMEMagicFile
    # directive tells the module where the hint definitions are located.
    #
    MIMEMagicFile conf/magic
</IfModule>

#
# Customizable error responses come in three flavors:
# 1) plain text 2) local redirects 3) external redirects
#
# Some examples:
#ErrorDocument 500 "The server made a boo boo."
#ErrorDocument 404 /missing.html
#ErrorDocument 404 "/cgi-bin/missing_handler.pl"
#ErrorDocument 402 http://www.example.com/subscription_info.html
#

#
# EnableMMAP and EnableSendfile: On systems that support it, 
# memory-mapping or the sendfile syscall may be used to deliver
# files.  This usually improves server performance, but must
# be turned off when serving from networked-mounted 
# filesystems or if support for these functions is otherwise
# broken on your system.
# Defaults if commented: EnableMMAP On, EnableSendfile Off
#
#EnableMMAP off
EnableSendfile on
```

## Apache服务器补充设置

```bash
# Supplemental configuration
#
# Load config files in the "/etc/httpd/conf.d" directory, if any.
IncludeOptional conf.d/*.conf
```

----


## AllowOverride

AllowOverride从字面上解释是允许覆盖的意思，即Apache允许另一配置文件覆盖现有配置文件


- AllowOverride   None            不读取.htaccess，完全忽视.htaccess文件
- AllowOverride   all              允许.htaccess所有指令，缺省是all                  
- AllowOverride   Limit           .htaccess函盖具体限定的主机(allow,deny)
- AllowOverride   AuthConfig      .htaccess函盖跟认证有关指令(AuthType,AuthName)    


我们通常利用Apache的rewrite模块对URL进行重写，rewrite规则会写在 .htaccess 文件里。但要使 apache 能够正常的读取.htaccess 文件的内容，就必须对.htaccess 所在目录进行配置。从安全性考虑，根目录的AllowOverride属性一般都配置成不允许任何Override，即：

```bash
< Directory /> 
AllowOverride None 
< /Directory>
```


AllowOverride的参数：


- AuthConfig 允许使用与认证授权相关的指令(AuthDBMGroupFile, AuthDBMUserFile, AuthGroupFile, AuthName, AuthType, AuthUserFile, Require, 等)。
- FileInfo   允许使用控制文档类型的指令(DefaultType, ErrorDocument, ForceType, LanguagePriority, SetHandler, SetInputFilter, SetOutputFilter, mod_mime中的 Add* 和 Remove* 指令等等)、控制文档元数据的指令(Header, RequestHeader, SetEnvIf, SetEnvIfNoCase, BrowserMatch, CookieExpires, CookieDomain, CookieStyle, CookieTracking, CookieName)、mod_rewrite中的指令(RewriteEngine, RewriteOptions, RewriteBase, RewriteCond, RewriteRule)和mod_actions中的Action指令。
- Indexes    允许使用控制目录索引的指令(AddDescription, AddIcon, AddIconByEncoding, AddIconByType, DefaultIcon, DirectoryIndex, FancyIndexing, HeaderName, IndexIgnore, IndexOptions, ReadmeName, 等)。
- Limit      允许使用控制主机访问的指令(Allow, Deny, Order)。Options[=Option,...] 允许使用控制指定目录功能的指令(Options和XBitHack)。可以在等号后面附加一个逗号分隔的(无空格的)Options选项列表，用来控制允许Options指令使用哪些选项。

如果要多个权限组合使用，用这样的格式写就行了：
```
AllowOverride AuthConfig Indexes
```

## Option

该参数用于定义对目录的操作权限

- option none           禁止对目录的所有操作
- option all            允许对目录的所有操作，ALL---所有操作
- option ExecCGI        对该目录，可以执行cgi脚本
- option Indexes        允许访问该目录（而该目录没有index.html）时，返回目录下的文件列表   option FollowSymLinks 只允许对目录的FollowSymLinks操作


----

> http://blog.51cto.com/blief/1672955
> http://blog.51cto.com/blief/1679427
> https://www.cnblogs.com/hh1137054072/p/7612652.html

<!-- apache.md ends here -->